Scientists have successfully created the first ever 3D image of the internal structure of Popocatepetl, one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes in the world, located in Mexico. This is significant because around 25 million people live within 100 km. Important infrastructure like cities, airports, hospitals, schools, lie in the danger zone. Despite the risk, its internal structure was not clearly understood until now. This milestone, led by scientists from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), marks a “medical-grade” leap in volcanology, often compared to moving from a simple ultrasound to a high-definition MRI of the Earth’s crust.
Five-year expedition
For over five years, a dedicated team of geophysicists braved freezing temperatures, toxic ash, and the constant threat of eruptions to install a dense network of seismic sensors around the 17,883-foot peak. These instruments captured “seismic ambient noise” tiny, continuous vibrations caused by everything from ocean waves to human activity which change speed as they pass through different materials underground. By processing this massive dataset with Artificial Intelligence (AI) and supercomputers, the team “x-rayed” the volcano’s plumbing system. The resulting 3D model reveals Instead of a single large chamber, the image shows multiple storage zones where magma accumulates at various depths, stretching down nearly 11 miles (18 km). A significant concentration of magma was discovered toward the volcano’s southeast flank, explaining why certain areas show more frequent tremors
why was this study important?
Earlier studies (about 15 years ago) produced contradictory and low-resolution images where scientists could not clearly identify where magma was stored. without knowledge, accurate eruption prediction is difficult. Popocatépetl, affectionately known as “El Popo,” is a critical focus for global science because over 25 million people live within 60 miles of its crater. Until now, authorities relied on surface-level monitoring and 2D models to guess when an eruption might occur. This 3D visualization allows scientists to see exactly how the “inner pipes” are moving and filling. While it cannot yet predict the exact minute of an eruption, it provides a blueprint for hazard modeling and evacuation planning. By knowing where the magma is pooling, experts can better anticipate which side of the volcano might collapse or where new vents might open.
Key technology used
- Seismographs, it measures ground vibrations 100 times per second. Volcanic movement (magma, gas, rocks, water) creates seismic signals.
- Artificial intelligence processed massive seismic data. It helps in identifying types of material of rocks, temperature, depth and state of rocks.
Discoveries
A 3D cross sectional image up to 18 km below the crater is found. Volcano interior is far more complex than textbook diagrams. This finding includes multiple magma pools at different depths, rock and other material separating magma reservoirs. More magma accumulation towards the southeast of the crater. It contains not just a single magma chamber, but multi-level magma systems.
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